Tickets-of-Leave
	
Javelin Men
	
Convict Labour & Assignment
	
Conditional Pardons.
	1846.Tasmania....Extensions of Conditional Pardons.
	Journalist report.
	"Persons holding emancipation, and desirous of removing 
	to the Australian colonies, are sometimes at a loss to know 
	in what manner they ought to proceed in signifying their 
	wishes to the local government. We believe that under such 
	circumstances,nothing more is requisite than an application 
	at the police office,it being thereupon the duty of one or 
	another of the clerks to draw up and forward the necessary 
	memorial."		{LA July 20 1846}
Musters
	1830 - Tasmania [Launceston] news report
	"On last Saturday a general  muster of the ticket-of-leave 
	men took place at the Police Office, and taking into 
	consideration the number of them [about 150], their neat,
	clean and orderly appearance,and the very comfortable, we 
	may fairly say respectable clothing in which they were 
	[with very few exceptions] dressed,  speaks most decidedly 
	in favour of their industrious habits, and would be a most 
	encouraging sight to display before any gentleman
	going to England, who might be able to represent to the 
	emigration committee the certain and permanent employment,
	and confortable subsistence, so very easily obtainable by 
	industrious working men in this fertile, but highly neglected 
	country. {LA060930}
Indulgences
	Remission of Sentences. 1833 (March) Government Notice
	"It is hereby notified, that the public officers and all 
	other persons desirous of recommending any Convict for a
	remission of sentence, are requested to transmit the case
	through the Principal Superintendent, whose duty it is to
	forward to the Department periodical returns of all memorials
	and petitions for indulgence to be laid before the Lt.Govr."
	(LI March 1833)
Convict Deaths
	Tasmania. 1833 Government Regulation
	May 1833."The Lieutenant Governor requests that all persons
	to whom Convicts are assisigned: will transmit the names of
	such of them as may die in their service, to the nearest
	Police Magistrate, who is hereby directed to report the
	same to the Principal Superintendent of Convicts for
	registration.  (LI May 25th 1833)

Convict Absconders
	N.S.W 1832.Govt.Regulations for Rewards
	N.S.W. 1828-1832 Index to Convict Absconders
	Tas. pre 1836 Convict Absconders Index
	
Tasmania - Administration of Disciple/Reporting Offences
	Government Notice. June. 1833
	"The Lieutenant Governor requests that the Magistrates who
	may have complaints to make against their assigned servents,
	will take them before the nearest Justice of the Peace to be
	tried: as the Principal Superintendent is not authorised
	to receive any convict from his master's service, until he
	shall be sentenced."

Convict's Families - Regulations 

	1847...Convict's families to be brought out to Sydney
	newspaper report
	"Families of Convicts: A notice appears in the Sydney 
	Government Gazette, intimating all expiree prisoners of 
	the Crown, or such as may have obtained Tickets of Leave 
	or higher indulgences, that in consequence of the Government 
	being prepared to furnish their wives and families with free 
	passages to this colony, all sch as may wish to reap the 
	advantage of such a privelage, are to make an early 
	application to such an effect to the Superintendent of
	Convicts, Sydney. Convicts at present under sentence will 
	have an opportunity of acting similarly, as soon as they 
	shall obtain their tickets of leave"
	(src: LE. Sept 4 1847.)

A Convicts Life 
	1831..NSW - Newspaper Report
	 A letter has been lately received by Mr Wonther, the 
	Keeper of Newgate, from an individual beyond the common 
	ranks who was transported thither about two years ago 
	since-from this letter we take the following-
	" Hunger is our sauce; we grind in a hand mill, we bake 
	in the ashes, and live in miserable huts,which admit both 
	wind and rain.
	A sheet of bark and a bundle of straw is our bed,and a 
	blanket our covering: but fatigue is ours, and we sleep 
	as if on beds of down.
	The slightest offence provokes flogging; insolence is 
	the grand bugbear in this colony. A man calls himself a 
	settler, first imposes upon his slaves,goads them on to 
	speak and then drags them before a magistrate to be lashed 
	and tortured for insolence.It is useless to murmer, for 
	complaint is crime in this dreadful country.
	A Master,up the country, is a petty King, and the spirit 
	with which he exercises his power is truly diabolical.If 
	his slave speaks, the wretch's stomach is tormented. We 
	all feel a twofold degradation here; we feel that we are 
	slaves to paltry tyrants, who seem as if they where born 
	to add to the stings and tortures of a wretched criminal."

Female Prisoners
	1825.Parramatta Female Factory-Class System
	Editors opinion
	"The female prisoners in the Factory at Parramatta, are,by the
	present regulations, divided into three classes. The second and
	third of these are penal, and into one of which, as the case may
	be, are sent all those assigned servants who conduct themselves
	in any wise improperly in their respective employments: the first
	class nevertheless being attainable by those whose conduct 
	evidences a dispostion towards amendment. 
	The arrangements are as follows:
	First Class: Spinning and Carding, a proportion of the profits
		     arising from which is paid to the women, and from 
		     this class only can they be assigned, after working
		     their way through the third and second classes.
	Second Class: The second class is employed at the same work, but
		     cannot be assigned.
	Third Class: The third class is kept to hard labour, such as moving
	     	     earth, breaking stones, &c, and is also deprived of
		     tea and sugar.
	By these regulations,while punishment is awarded to aberrations from 
	propriety, the door is still left open to those who manifest a tendency
	to improvement.- But we must entirely dissent from the propriety of
	withholding tea and sugar, those least but most essential comforts.
	Women are still women, and however destitute of moral principle they
	may be, yet their vileness of conduct might be punished some other way,
	equally effective with that of giving them mere bread and water.! 
	This is a system parallel with corporal punishment, and the sooner
	abandoned the better. Keep them to hard labour - use them every way
	rigidly, but give the unfortunate women their tea and sugar." (SG 81225)

	1828. Female Factory .Parramatta
	Government Notice.			Colonial Secretary's Office
						April 29. 1828.
	FEMALE SERVANTS
	His Excellency the Governor has been pleased to direct, that all Lettes,
	addressed to the Matron of the Female Factory, at Parramatta, respecting
	Female Servants, or other Matters relating to that Establishment, be
	Post paid: AND NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, that no Letters, so addressed,
	will be received, unless they be Post-paid accordingly.
	NOTICE IS HEREBY FURTHER GIVEN, that it has been found expedient to order
	that no Female Servant, from the Factory, is to be allowed to leave
	Parramatta by a Stage Coach, or other Public Conveyance in the Afternoon,
	unless a careful Person be particularly sent to take Charge of her.
						By his Excellency's Command
						Alexander Macleay."

	1832-June.Sydney
	Female Prisoners:
	The subjoined remarks by the Committee of management of 
	the Female Factory in New South Wales, are extractd from 
	the Sydney Gazette, and are well worthy of attention, 
	and  in some degree, of adoption,by the authorities here.(tas)
	We approve of the factory being managed by a Committee,and 
	generally approve of the remarks,which follow:-
	The Committee of Management of the Female Factory have 
	observed, with great regret, how speedily a portion of the 
	female convicts assigned from the ship,on their arrival 
	from Europe, are returned to Government, and sent to the 
	factory at Parramatta. It has fallen within their observation, 
	that,in many cases, those persons have been returned for 
	awkwardness or misbehaviour, which, in free servants, would 
	be noticed by a gentle reproof.  The facility with which 
	an assigned servant may be returned to Governmen, has 
	doubtless,favored the injurious practice of which the 
	committee explain.
	To remedy it, in some measure, the committee are authorised 
	by  His Excellency, the Governer, to require, in future, 
	that all persons receiving female servants, on assignment, 
	shall enter into an engagement,under a penalty of forty 
	shillings,to keep them for one month in their service, 
	unless removed therefrom by due  course of law; and if, 
	at the expiration of that period, they shall desire to 
	return their servants, they will be bound (if residing
	in any part of the Co of Cumberland) to leave a written 
	notice at the office of the Principal Superintendent of 
	Convicts in Sydney,and to retain the servant for fourteen 
	days from the service of that notice. 
	Persons,residing without the county of Cumberland will 
	be required to give one month's notice to the clerk of 
	the Bench of Magistrates nearest their residence. This 
	time is required to enable the Principal Superintendent 
	of Convicts and Committee to make arrangments for the 
	transfer of the female to another service without being 
	sent to the factory.

	In assigning the females recently arrived in the 
	Burrell, the Governer has been pleased to direct, 
	that the distance of the  applicants from Sydney, shall 
	be considered as giving a priority of claim,it being,in 
	His Excellency's opinion, an object of great importance 
	to remove and retain these criminal women as far as  
	possible from Sydney.

	The committee take this opportunity of asserting their 
	readiness, at all times, to assign any female in the 
	factory, not under a colonial sentence of imprisonment, 
	to persons of good moral character,and if the supply of 
	those women,whose conduct offers a fair chance
	of their becoming useful servants, should at any time be 
	unequal to the demand,the committee would willingly assign 
	those, of whose conduct it would,at the same time, be their 
	duty to make an  unfavourable report.

	It might happen that virtous example and regular habits 
	in a private family, would operate more powerfully, in 
	reclaiming an individual  from vice, than the most 
	judicious regulations when applied to numbers in a public 
	establishment.  FOr reasons somewhat similar,and from 
	having observed the change which new modes of life, and 
	the accession of new duties, sometimes operate in the 
	character and disposition, the Committee are at all times 
	disposed to favour the marriage of these women, to persons 
	in circumstances to keep them honestly.
	LA 260632

	1833.Tasmania.Travel Permission
	Government Notice. June 1833
	"Much irregularity having frequently arisen from the 
	masters of female convicts granting passes to their
	servents to proceed to and from the interior, upon
	frivolous pretences, it is hereby notified that no
	such privileges can in future be allowed without the
	especial sanction of the Principal Superintendant on
	the Magistrates of the District, except in cases where
	female convicts are in actual attendance upon their
	mistress.  By His Excellency's Command
		   J.Burnett."


Chain Gangs.

	1827.NSW
	Government Notice. 		Colonial Secretary's Office
					29th November 1827.
	His Excellency the Governor is pleased to order that all
	Prisoners, sentenced to work in Irons, in the Department
	of Roads and Bridges, shall, on the Expiration of their
	respective Sentences, be transferred, by the Surveyor of
	Roads, to other Parties not working in Irons, until 
	recommended for Assignment in the regular Course.
	Those Convicts whom the Magistrates may deem it desirable 
	to return to their former Services, on the Expiration of
	their Terms in irons, are not to be included in the above
	arrangement.
					By His Excellency's Command
					Alexander McLeay.



	1828.NSW
	Government Order no 28 		Colonial Secretary's Office
					September 18, 1828
					
	It having come to the Knowledge of His Excellency the Governor, that 
	Prisoners serving under Sentence to Work in Irons on the Roads, have 
	had their Irons removed, and been otherwise employed; His Excellency 
	feels it neessary to point out, that such Proceeding is calcuated to 
	counteract the Ends of Justice; and further, that any Person, charged 
	with the Superintendence of Road Parties, who permits it, assumes a 
	Power which he is not warranted in exercising, and His Excellency, 
	therefore, desires that such Practice be immediately discontinued.
	No Man, sentenced to Work on the Roads, in Irons, is to be employed as 
	a Hut-keeper, Bullock Driver, or in any Manner that can interfere with 
	the due Fulfilment of his Sentence. When Persons are required for any 
	of the above Purposes, the Surveyor of Roads will apply to the Principal 
	Superintendent of Convicts in order that Individuals may be selected who 
	have some Claim to Indulgence
					By His Excellency's Command
					Alexander McLeay.

	1832 - Tasmania Newspaper Report
	"Some little bustle was excited on Monday morning
	in consequence of the chain gangs,with one accord, 
	refusing to go to work, on the plea that the bread 
	issued to them was not of proper quality.  This being 
	represented to the commissariat, directions were given 
	for the issue of biscuit,until a survey could be held 
	on the bread, but before the arrangements could be made, 
	the men thought better of the matter, and took the bread
	that was offered them. 
	Some of the most discordant were placed in custody, and 
	taken before the magistrate, who decided that the bread 
	was wholesome and proper (which it was) and ordered the 
	men to return to their work, after severely reprimanding 
	them for their contumacious conduct. We trust that this 
	lenience will not be thrown away upon the men, who must 
	be aware, that by the course they pursued they rendered 
	themselves liable to very severe punishment."	[LA 25/3/32]

Convict Ships
   	1846.Idealistic account of Conditions on Convict Transports
    	taken from The Times.England.August 23rd.
   	"Convict Ships.
    	In the report of the Inspectors of Millbank Prison, issued 
	within the last few days,a statement is given of the 
	improvements effected in convict ships.
	Until a somewhat recent period, four or sometimes five
	prisoners slept together during the long voyage to Australia
	in one sleeping berth. The prison deck being entirely dark,
	neither employment nor instruction could be carried on.  
	According to the approved method of fitting up 
	seats for the convicts on prison deck in masses 
	of eight, and at night each convict has a seperate sleeping
	berth.Illuminators are introduced on each side of the deck 
	extending the whole length of the ship, and the convicts
	are thus enabled to read, write and work. A religious
	instructor accompanies every party of male convicts.A
	useful collection of books and arithmetic has been provided
	in order that school instruction may be carried on during
	the voyage."
	(LE Jan 2nd 1847)

	
Hulks 

	A List of Hulks

	Port Jackson Hulk. 1826.(Feb)Newspaper Report
	"All prisoners under sentence of transportation to the
	penal settlement in the elder colony (Sydney) are now
	drafted from the gaols on board a hulk lying in Port
	Jackson, previous to their removal to their place of
	destination." (src: CT Feb 3 1826)

	Hulk Conditions. 1828.England
	"Treatment of the Convicts in the Hulks
	TO THE EXAMINER
	Sir - this Morning by the Post, I received a letter from an
	unfortunate Convict who was Sentenced to 7 Years Transportation
	at the Old Bailey Sessions for Light Offence. He writes:
	we have Six Hundred Prisoners on Board. We Rise at 5 in the
	Morning,Breackfast at Six. All our Boats is Manned and all away
	by Seven. Our gang Convicts Twenty men are Guard by 7 Soldiers,
	we go to fortmountain Oppiset the Ise of White.We are Emploid
	in Drawing Large Stones and Unloading Vessels. Our Food is very
	Bad. We neer have any Fire. Our  Shirts is very Damp so is our 
	Rugan and Blankets. we wash Our Neck Hahchife and mend our 
	Stockings and Cloth. they will not Allow us to ware any flannel
	but they will Lett us ware Glanasey flocks.we are Allowed only
	1d of soap Per week to wash our Stocking Hanchife and Skin.
	they allow no Coffee no Tea no Sugar no Butter no Greens no
	Potates. We get but Little Water and that we Pay one Penny Per
	Week. Six in my mess washed our SElves this morning only one Qt
	water. that is all Alowed us. I have Six Pound of Iron on my Leg
	God Help the Poor Unfortunate Convict.
	1828"
			Yours
			An Old Correspondent.
	(SG 22nd Oct 1828)

	1830, Abolition of Hulks   (newspaper report)
	"The hulks are to be entirely done away with in England,
	after the present year, and every convicted man is to be 
	transported according to his sentence immediately. This 
	will throw in an increase to our population of perhaps 
	5000 prisoners! This great improvement for NSW is owing 
	to His Excellency General Darling's representation of the 
	cheapness of Beef & c in this colony, so that the expense 
	of sending out convicts will be amply repaid by their
	easy maintenance after their arrival. Besides,it is the 
	wish of the Duke of Wellington to employ the poor at 
	different dockyards and arsenals in preference to 
	convict."		{CT080130}

	1830..Non Abolition of use of Hulks.
	"The hulks are in future to be only receiving ships for 
	seven years offenders, and all those sentenced for life 
	or fourteen years, are to be sent immediately to these 
	Colonies."		{CT29011830}

	
	Mutiny on Irish Hulk
	1830 Oct   
	"On Monday last, some of the convicts on board the 
	Essex hulk, stationed at Kingston, near Dublin, 
	set fire to that vessel in three places, close to the 
	water.  The flames were fortunately suppressed, and 
	all on  board,being upwards of three hundred prisoners, 
	were transmitted to the Hercules convict ship
	which had only arrived in the harbour the preceeding 
	Saturday to take to their destination." {LA151130}

	1847.Inquiry in to Hulks Conditions.
	The Woolwich Convicts
	The inquiry which has recently been carried on at Woolwich,
	on board the Justitia and Warrior, convict
	hulks,into the condition and treatment of prisoners, before
	Justice J.Williams the Commissioner appointed by Government,
	Dr.C.M.Banington as medical referee and T.S.Dunscombe Esq.
	has closed the commission. They sat for 30 days, during which
	more than 100 witnesses were examined, and the inquiry would
	have lasted for some two months longer had all the witnesses
	been examined whom Mr Dunscombe intended to call. 
	Captain Williams, however, expressed his opinion that it
	was useless to carry the investigation any further as the
	evidence already produced had shown the whole system of 
	management to be rotten at its' foundation, and that a
	complete and radical change must take place before the
	establishment could be placed in a state of efficiency and
	order.  (src: LE Oct 2nd 1847)